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Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual , liberty , consent of the governed , political equality , right to private property and equality before the law . Liberals espouse various and often mutually warring views depending on their understanding of these principles but generally support private property , market economies , individual rights (including civil rights and human rights ), liberal democracy , secularism , rule of law , economic and political freedom , freedom of speech , freedom of the press , freedom of assembly , and freedom of religion , constitutional government and privacy rights . Liberalism is frequently cited as the dominant ideology of modern history .
Liberalism became a distinct movement in the Age of Enlightenment , gaining popularity among Western philosophers and economists . Liberalism sought to replace the norms of hereditary privilege , state religion , absolute monarchy , the divine right of kings and traditional conservatism with representative democracy , rule of law, and equality under the law. Liberals also ended mercantilist policies, royal monopolies , and other trade barriers , instead promoting free trade and marketization. Philosopher John Locke is often credited with founding liberalism as a distinct tradition based on the social contract , arguing that each man has a natural right to life, liberty and property , and governments must not violate these rights . While the British liberal tradition has emphasized expanding democracy, French liberalism has emphasized rejecting authoritarianism and is linked to nation-building . (Full article... )
Social democracy is a political , social , and economic philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy and supports a gradualist , reformist and democratic approach towards achieving socialism, usually under a social liberal framework. In practice, social democracy takes a form of socially managed welfare capitalism , achieved with partial public ownership , economic interventionism , and policies promoting social equality .
Social democracy maintains a commitment to
representative and
participatory democracy . Common aims include curbing
inequality , eliminating the
oppression of
underprivileged groups, eradicating
poverty , and upholding universally accessible public services such as
child care ,
education ,
elderly care ,
health care , and
workers' compensation . Economically, it supports
income redistribution and
regulating the economy in the
public interest . (
Full article... )
List of selected articles
“
Liberalism is the philosophy for our time, because it does not try to conserve every tradition of the past, because it does not apply to new problems the old doctrinaire solutions, because it is prepared to experiment and innovate and because it knows that the past is less important than the future.
”
—
Pierre Trudeau , Defining liberalism at the 1968 Liberal leadership convention.
The following are images from various liberalism-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 1 As a
liberal nationalist ,
K. J. Ståhlberg (1865–1952), the
President of Finland , anchored the state in
liberal democracy , guarded the fragile germ of the
rule of law , and embarked on internal reforms. (from
Liberalism )
Image 3 U.S. President Bush, Canadian PM Mulroney, and Mexican President Salinas participate in the ceremonies to sign the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). (from
Neoliberalism )
Image 4 The
European Union–Mercosur free trade agreement , which would form one of the world's largest
free trade areas, has been denounced by environmental activists and indigenous rights campaigners. (from
Neoliberalism )
Image 6 Chilean (orange) and average Latin American (blue) rates of growth of
GDP (1971–2007) (from
Neoliberalism )
Image 7 John Maynard Keynes , one of the most influential economists of modern times and whose ideas, which are still
widely felt , formalized modern liberal economic policy. (from
Liberalism )
Image 10 United States incarceration rate per 100,000 population, 1925–2014 (from
Neoliberalism )
Image 11 Per capita income during the
Great Depression (from
Neoliberalism )
Image 12 Benjamin Constant , a Franco-Swiss political activist and theorist (from
Liberalism )
Image 13 Builders in
West Berlin , 1952 (from
Neoliberalism )
Image 14 GDP per capita in Chile and Latin America 1950–2010 (time under Pinochet highlighted) (from
Neoliberalism )
Image 16 John Milton 's
Areopagitica (1644) argued for the importance of
freedom of speech . (from
Liberalism )
Image 17 Mary Wollstonecraft , widely regarded as the pioneer of
liberal feminism (from
Liberalism )
Image 18 Sismondi , who wrote the first critique of the free market from a liberal perspective in 1819 (from
Liberalism )
Image 19 Noam Chomsky 's 1999 book
Profit Over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order is an open critique of neoliberalism and the American economic structure (from
Neoliberalism )
Image 20 Raif Badawi , a
Saudi Arabian writer and the creator of the website Free Saudi Liberals, who was sentenced to ten years in prison and 1,000 lashes for "insulting Islam" in 2014 (from
Liberalism )
Image 22 Unemployment in Chile and South America (1980–1990) (from
Neoliberalism )
Image 23 The iconic painting
Liberty Leading the People by
Eugène Delacroix , a tableau of the
July Revolution in 1830 (from
Liberalism )
Image 24 The
Great Depression , with its periods of worldwide economic hardship, formed the backdrop against which the
Keynesian Revolution took place (the image is
Dorothea Lange 's
Migrant Mother depiction of destitute
pea-pickers in California, taken in March 1936). (from
Liberalism )
Image 25 T. H. Green , an influential
liberal philosopher who established in
Prolegomena to Ethics (1884) the first major foundations for what later became known as
positive liberty and in a few years, his ideas became the
official policy of the
Liberal Party in
Britain , precipitating the rise of
social liberalism and the modern
welfare state (from
Liberalism )
Image 27 Monument to the liberals of the 19th century in Agra del Orzán neighborhood,
La Coruña ,
Galicia , (
Spain ) (from
Liberalism )
Image 31 The
2017–2018 Russian protests were organized by Russia's liberal opposition. (from
Liberalism )
Image 32 John Locke was the first to develop a liberal philosophy, including the
right to private property and the
consent of the governed . (from
Liberalism )
Image 33 Pamphlet calling for
a protest of economic policy in 1983 following
the economic crisis (from
Neoliberalism )
Image 34 John Stuart Mill , whose
On Liberty greatly influenced 19th-century liberalism (from
Liberalism )
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